The two-store (dual) model is now seen as simplistic and incomplete but serves as a starting point for understanding cognitive learning theories. An early model of cognitivism, known as the two-store or dual memory model, refers to the interactions between working memory and long-term memory. According to more recent views such as those of Ertmer and Newby (1994), “cognitive theories focus on the conceptualization of a student’s learning processes and address issues of how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved by the mind” (p.
Early studies of cognition explored the active acquisition of knowledge as opposed to the more passive learner approach of behaviorism (Woolfolk, 2015). The definition and scope of cognitivism has evolved over the years. However, it was not until the 1950s that cognitive theories began to gain discernible traction and attention. Petri and Mishkin (1994) point to the work of researchers Edward Tolman, Wolfgang Kohler, and Ivan Krechevsky on the role of expectations, insight, purpose, and hypothesis making in the early 1920s and 30s as the earliest forays into cognitivist research. Growth of CognitivismĬognitivist learning theories are understood to have stemmed from the inadequacies of the behaviorist learning theories of strict stimulus and response training to fully explain how learning occurs. These areas will provide an instructional design student with knowledge of theories that can be applied in situations for learners with varied learning needs. The purpose of this chapter is to (a) briefly explore the growth of cognitivism, (b) explain some of the relevant cognitive processes identified within cognitivism, (c) provide an overview of several cognitive learning theories, and (d) describe the relevance of cognitivism to instructional design practices. Cognitive learning theories focus on the ability of students to guide their own learning using mental strategies. It is a continually developing field which has influenced and been influenced by the developments in different fields including instructional design, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, and increasingly cognitive neuropsychology. Cognitive learning theories cover a wide range of ideas from the work of many researchers.
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